Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• -scanner vertically, maintains A = Asp. During scanning each line, lateral movement (in the X or Y direction) is performed at a constant speed V. This is the most common dynamic mode, which is called amplitude modulation (AM-AFM) [7] and has many other names (e.g., tapping mode or semi-contact mode). The

Generalized Hertz model for bimodal nanomechanical mapping

• Aleksander Labuda,
• Marta Kocuń,
• Waiman Meinhold,
• Deron Walters and
• Roger Proksch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 970–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.89

• as amplitude-modulation (AM) AFM [18][19][20]), is one of the most commonly used parametric techniques, where the cantilever is driven on resonance and the cantilever–sample distance is adjusted by a feedback loop to maintain a constant oscillation amplitude at every image pixel. The time required

A simple and efficient quasi 3-dimensional viscoelastic model and software for simulation of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2233–2241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.229

• standard C programming language, provided within Supporting Information File 1, consists of an implementation of the above multifrequency (trimodal) cantilever dynamics in the construction of a point-by-point amplitude-modulation (AM-AFM) spectroscopy curve (amplitude and phase vs cantilever height

Capillary and van der Waals interactions on CaF₂ crystals from amplitude modulation AFM force reconstruction profiles under ambient conditions

• Annalisa Calò,
• Oriol Vidal Robles,
• Sergio Santos and
• Albert Verdaguer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 809–819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.84

• , and a third one in which the attractive force is almost constant, i.e., forms a plateau, up to 3–4 nm above the surface when the formation of a capillary neck dominates the tip–sample interaction. Keywords: amplitude modulation (AM) AFM; dynamic capillary interactions; dissipative nanoscale

• measurements, as for example amplitude modulation AM-AFM measurements, is that experimental observables, i.e., the phase lag of the cantilever relative to the driving force, can be directly related to the energy dissipated in the tip–sample interaction [31][32][33]. Identifying and separating individual

Modeling viscoelasticity through spring–dashpot models in intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2149–2163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.224

• ; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved rapidly since its invention in the mid-1980s [1] and has been used since then for measuring topography and probe–sample forces on micro- and nanoscale surfaces in different environments. Tapping mode AFM (amplitude modulation, AM-AFM) is the most common

Unlocking higher harmonics in atomic force microscopy with gentle interactions

• Sergio Santos,
• Victor Barcons,
• Josep Font and
• Albert Verdaguer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 268–277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.29

• between the higher mode of choice and the fundamental eigenmode [31][33]. Here, exact multiple harmonics of the fundamental drive frequency are externally excited above the noise level to open multiple contrast channels that are sensitive to compositional variations. The focus is on amplitude modulation

• (AM) AFM, in which the fundamental amplitude A1 ≡ A tracks the sample as usual. For standard cantilevers the eigenmodes are nonharmonic [29]. That is, the natural resonant frequencies of the cantilevers are not integer multiples. Furthermore, these natural frequencies relate to the geometry and

Multiple regimes of operation in bimodal AFM: understanding the energy of cantilever eigenmodes

• Daniel Kiracofe,
• Arvind Raman and
• Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 385–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.45

• -/nanoscale [1]. Although there are many different operating modes in AFM, one of the most popular is amplitude modulation (AM-AFM), commonly known as tapping mode, in which the cantilever is oscillated at its first natural frequency. AM-AFM provides two basic images of the surface, a height (topography